Number 61 – 03 August 2023

“Nothing can be more readily disproved than the old saw, ‘You can’t keep a good man down.’ Most human societies have been beautifully organised to keep good men down.” John W. Gardner

Cessna Model UC-78 or T-50.

Photographed at Oshkosh 2023 by Athol Franz.

(Information from Wikipedia)
The Bobcat or Cessna Crane was a twin-engine advanced trainer aircraft designed and made in the United States and used during World War II to bridge the gap between single-engine trainers and larger multi-engine combat aircraft. The commercial version was the Model T-50, from which the military versions were developed. In 1939, three years after Clyde Cessna retired, the Cessna T-50 made its first flight, becoming the company’s first twin-engine airplane and its first retractable undercarriage airplane. The prototype T-50 first flew on 26 March 1939 and was issued Approved Type Certificate 722 on 24 March 1940.

The AT-8, AT-17, C-78, UC-78 and Crane were military versions of the commercial Cessna T-50 light transport. The Cessna Airplane Company first produced the wood and tubular steel, fabric-covered T-50 in 1939 for the civilian market, as a lightweight and lower cost twin for personal use where larger aircraft such as the Beechcraft Model 18 would be too expensive. A low-wing cantilever monoplane, it featured retractable main landing gear and trailing edge wing flaps, both electrically actuated via chain-driven screws. The retracted main landing gear left some of the wheels extended below the engine nacelle for emergency wheel-up landings. The wing structure was built around laminated spruce spar beams, truss-style spruce and plywood ribs as well as plywood wing leading edges and wing tips. The fixed tailwheel is not steerable but can be locked straight. The Curtiss Reed metal fixed-pitch propellers were soon replaced with Hamilton Standard 2B-20-213 hydraulically actuated, constant-speed, non-featherable propellers. Power was provided by two 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4MB engines rated at 245 hp (183 kW) for take-off. Production began in December 1939.

Operational history

On 19 July 1940, United States Assistant Secretary of War Louis A. Johnson ordered 33 AT-8 trainers, based on the T-50 for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Modifications included cockpit roof windows, more powerful 290 hp (220 kW) Lycoming R-680 engines and military radios. The first AT-8 was delivered to the USAAC in December 1940 and in late 1941, the US Army ordered an additional 450 AT-17s, based on the T-50. Modifications included additional cockpit windows and 245 hp (183 kW) Jacobs R-755-9 engines. Production for the US Army Air Corps continued under the designation AT-17 reflecting a change in equipment and engine types. In 1942, the US Army Air Force (the successor to the Air Corps from June 1941) ordered the Bobcat as a light transport as C-78s, which were redesignated as UC-78s on 1 January 1943. By the end of World War II, Cessna had produced more than 4,600 Bobcats for the US Army, 67 of which were transferred to the United States Navy as JRC-1s. It was given the nickname the ‘Bamboo Bomber’ in US service. Few Bobcats were still in service with the United States Air Force when it was formed in September 1947 and the type was declared obsolete in 1949.

In September 1940, the Royal Canadian Air Force ordered 180 Crane Mk.I trainers, Cessna’s largest order to date. Modifications for the RCAF included Hartzell fixed-pitch wooden propellers, removable cylinder head baffles and oil heaters. The first Crane Mk.I was delivered to the RCAF in November 1940 and Cessna then received an additional order from the RCAF for 460 more Crane Mk.Is. An additional 182 AT-17A were received by the RCAF through lend-lease, operated under the designation Crane Mk.IA, bringing the total produced for the RCAF to 822, which were operated under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP).

Other operators
In addition to military orders, the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA, precursor to the FAA) ordered 13 T-50s and Pan American Airways ordered 14 T-50s. Aircraft operated by the US military and by the RCAF were retired shortly after the end of the war and many were exported worldwide including to Brazil and the Nationalist Chinese.

After the war, surplus AT-17s and UC-78s could be converted from CAA-approved kits to civilian-standard aircraft allowing their certification under the original T-50 approved type certificate. They were used by small airlines, charter and bush operators and private pilots. Some were operated on floats. By the 1970s, the number of airworthy aircraft had dwindled as they were made obsolete by more modern types and by the maintenance required by their aging wood wing structures and fabric covering. Since then, several have been restored by antique airplane enthusiasts.

As of December 2017, FAA records show 52 T-50s, two AT-17s and five UC-78s listed on its registration database. The type was featured in the popular television series Sky King of the early-to-mid 1950s. The aircraft was replaced in later episodes by the T-50’s successor, the all-metal Cessna 310.

Those persons who correctly identified this week’s mystery aircraft: Daryl Kimber, Bruce Prescott, Rene du Toit, Danie Viljoen, John Moen, Andre Breytenbach, Wouter van der Waal, Jan Sime, Karl Jensen, Mike Transki, Ray Watts, Brian Ross, Rex Tweedie, Selwyn Kimber, Bruce Margolius, Hilton Carroll, Aiden O’Mahony, Rennie van Zyl, Righardt du Plessis, Ari Levien, Colin Austen, Pierre Brittz, Brian Millett, Jeremy Rorich, Heystek Pretorius, Kevin Farr, Steve Dewsbery, Mickey Esterhuysen, (28).

EAA releases AirVenture 2023 statistics

As EAA’s AirVenture 2023 and the entirety of the delights, enlightenments, thrills, successes, tragedies, and camaraderie associated therewith recede slowly into memory, the event’s organisers invite one and all to look a final time upon and take pride in their contributions to the most recent iteration of aviation’s greatest yearly spectacle.

Speaking to the subject of AirVenture 2023, EAA CEO and chairman Jack Pelton said, “There was so much going on during the week that encompassed the entire world of flight, from the presence of the US Air Force Training Command and NASA to magnificent aircraft restorations and exciting new flying technology. Oshkosh was again the place that brought the aviation world together.”

AirVenture 2023 drew a record attendance of some 677,000 visitors, surpassing the previous record-high mark of 650,000 set in 2022. “We had record-setting totals of campers, exhibitors, volunteers and more,” Pelton enthused. “It was also a challenging year at times with weather, logistics and other factors, which makes me even more proud of the efforts by our volunteers and staff to organise an outstanding event.”

Over AirVenture 2023’s duration, upwards of ten-thousand fixed and rotary wing contraptions of every conceivable design and derivation descended upon Oshkosh, Wisconsin’s Wittman Regional Airport which recorded 21,883 aircraft operations over the 11-day period spanning 20 through 30 July. The figure denotes an hourly average of 148 take-offs and landings during the airport’s operational intervals.

AirVenture 2023 attendees alternately admired and marvelled at a total of 3,365 show-planes comprising: a record 1,497 registered vintage aircraft, 1,067 home-built machines, 380 warbirds (three percent more than the previous year), 194 ultralights, 134 seaplanes and amphibians, 52 aerobatic aircraft and 41 rotorcraft.

An estimated forty-thousand visitors occupied more than 13,000 aircraft and drive-in camping sites throughout AirVenture 2023 and north of 5,500 volunteers joyfully contributed in excess of 250,000 to the event’s resounding success. Throughout the week, a record 848 commercial exhibitors hosted more than 1,400 engaging and informative forums, workshops, discussions and presentations. EAA recorded 2,372 international attendees representing a record-tying 93 nations registered at the International Visitors Tent. Insomuch as many international showgoers do not so register, the actual total number of foreign AirVenture 2023 attendees is likely far higher. The EAA Aviation Foundation’s annual fundraising event, which supports the organisation’s aviation education programmes, attracted more than one-thousand individuals and raised upwards of $2 million.

AirVenture 2023 was covered by 863 onsite media representatives hailing from all six of the world’s habitable continents. An Antarctic delegation has yet to be received in Oshkosh. All told, AirVenture is estimated to infuse $170 million into the economies of Wisconsin’s Winnebago, Outagamie, Fond du Lac, Calumet and Brown counties. Looking to AirVenture’s future, Mr. Pelton confided: “We will start planning for EAA AirVenture 2024 a little later in August, but we are already looking at a number of big activities, including the one-hundredth anniversary of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Plenty of ideas have also been forwarded to us from EAA members and others that will be part of the planning for 2024.”

Once again Canada registered the greatest number of ‘international visitors’, but in truth Oshkosh is just over the border for Canadians. However, again this year South African visitors (189 registered) was beaten by Australia with just north of 200 registered visitors. Although at the Friday’s international parade only a handful of the Australian delegates were present, whereas the South African representation was clearly the largest. This leads to questions about the accuracy of the Australian registration process. The question to be asked is why do the Australian’s consistently have higher visitor numbers than the South African visitor numbers, when clearly these people are absent from the international parade as well as in numerous other events at the annual AirVenture event?  

5 August
EAA Chapter 322 Saturday breakfast fly-in/ gathering 07h30 EAA Auditorium
Contact Neil Bowden at E-mail: airadventuresa@gmail.com

5 August
South African Airways Museum Society AGM, Boeing 747SP
RSVP E-mail: secretary@saamuseum.co.za

France expects evacuation from Niger to last at least two days

On 1 August French citizens in Niger were warned in a message sent by their embassy that they would be airlifted out of Niamey, the country’s capital city, ‘very soon and over a very short period of time.’

“Faced with the deterioration of the security situation in Niger and taking advantage of the relative calm in Niamey, an evacuation operation by air is being prepared from Niamey,” the message read, as reported by Franceinfo.

At the time this article was published, four aircraft of the French Air and Space Force were deployed to Niger: One Airbus A330-200 airliner, Two Airbus A330MRTT and C-130J Super Hercules transport aircraft. According to flightradar24 data, the three A330 aircraft will take off from Niamey to Paris (CDG) between 16h10 and 23h55 local time, whilst the C-130J was likely used to deploy French soldiers to secure the operation.

United Airlines Boeing 767 fuselage bends after rough landing

The Boeing 767-300ER, registered as N641UA, was operating flight UA702 from New York Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) to Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) on 29 July 2023, when the incident occurred upon landing. According to the United States (US) Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) system, the wide-body jet ‘made a hard landing’ and a post-flight inspection ‘revealed damage to the fuselage’. Pictures shared on the social media site Reddit showed a huge bend in the 767’s forward fuselage. There were no injuries to the 193 passengers or 11 crew members were reported onboard the flight. The Boeing 767-300ER has remained on the ground at IAH since landing.

Investigations continue as AirVenture crash victims are identified

Out of respect for the victims, I do not wish to show any pictures.

Authorities have released the names of four people killed in two fatal accidents within three hours of each other at AirVenture 2023 on Saturday. The first involved a T-6 Texan that went down in Lake Winnebago under unknown circumstances with two people on board. Dead are Devyn Reiley (30), of New Braunfels, Texas and her passenger Zach Colliemoreno (20), whose hometown was not released. Reiley was co-founder of the Texas Warbird Museum. The accident happened just after 09h00 and EAA spokesman Dick Knapinski said at least one body had been recovered.

About 12h30 a RotorWay 162F helicopter and an ELA Eclipse 10 gyrocopter collided somewhere over the airfield near the ultralights and two people in the helicopter were killed. They were Mark Peterson (69) of Foley, Alabama and his passenger, Thomas Volz (72) from Clermont County, Ohio. Two others in the gyrocopter were taken to a local hospital and their names have not been released. The gyrocopter crashed on top of a Mooney parked on the airfield. Debris landed on a parked airplane. One of the aircraft involved in the collision caught fire and it was put out by airport firefighters with help from a military firefighting helicopter. This crash closed the airport for two hours, but it opened in time for the afternoon airshow to go on a little later than scheduled. EAA Chairman Jack Pelton offered condolences to the victims’ loved ones.

American Airlines to order at least 100 A320neo or 737 MAX in new order

According to a report by Bloomberg, the airline is currently in discussions with both plane makers to renew its narrow-body fleet with either the Airbus A320neo or Boeing 737 MAX aircraft families. American Airlines currently has commitments for 165 aircraft, including four Airbus A321neo, 50 A321XLR and 79 Boeing 737 MAXs, per ch-aviation.com data. However, its narrow-body fleet is aging, with the A320ceo and 737 (NG) families averaging an age of 16.6 years. If American Airlines were to finalise an order with either manufacturer, it would mark the second 100 single-aisle aircraft order by a United States (US)-based airline in the past few months. In December 2022, United Airlines ordered 100 737 MAXs, split between the carrier exercising 44 options and ordering 56 new aircraft, while also ordering 200 787s (100 firm, 100 options).

American Airlines also spurred Boeing to launch the successor family to the 737 NG, the 737 MAX, after the airline ordered a total of 460 aircraft, split between 260 Airbus A320 family and 200 Boeing 737s, in July 2011. 100 of those were for 737s with new-generation engines, which Boeing eventually named the MAX. According to ch-aviation.com data, the airline currently operates 70 Airbus A321neo and 51 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft.  While it was the only Big Four airline in the US to have operated profitably in Q1 2023, American Airlines has also had issues with debt. In Q2 2023, when its net profit was $1.3 billion, it estimated that by the end of the year, it will have a total debt of around $43 billion. At its peak, the airline’s debt was $54 billion in Q2 2021.

Belgium refuses delivery of two F-35 fighters over technical non-compliance

Citing information confirmed by the spokesperson for Minister of Defence Ludivine Dedonder, VRT NWS first reported the news. As a result, the Belgian defence authorities now anticipate a delay of at least six months in receiving the ordered aircraft. The United States has also reportedly refused to receive new F-35 planes. In October 2018, Belgium selected the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II over the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Dassault Rafale. The country purchased a total of 34 F-35A aircraft to replace the Belgian Air Component fleet of F-16 fighters. The first of these fighters is currently in its final assembly line and is expected to be ready by December 2023. 

However, the certification and qualification of the software and final delivery of the remaining aircraft are contingent on the results of a comprehensive test campaign, which is currently projected to conclude in the second quarter of 2024, the minister explained. The delivery delay of the F-35s will also have a knock-on effect on the training of Belgian pilots, which was initially scheduled to take place in the United States. With the anticipated delays, the training of pilots will commence later than planned.

On the sidelines of the Paris Air Show in June 2023, Belgium announced its intention to join the Future Combat Air System, or FCAS programme, initially as an observer country. The FCAS programme is defined by its stakeholders as a ‘system of systems’ built around a sixth-generation fighter jet. It regroups companies from France, Germany and Spain, with Dassault and Airbus leading the project.

Cranfield Aerospace opens hydrogen aircraft development hub in UK

Last week Cranfield Aerospace Solutions (CAeS) opened the refurbished research and development facility where it will advance its plans to bring hydrogen-powered regional airliners to market in 2026. The company is working with UK airframer Britten-Norman to produce carbon-free versions of its Islander family of nine-passenger aircraft, which currently run on a pair of piston or turboprop engines.

Operating from a modernised hangar and office on the campus of Cranfield University, which is the UK’s leading aviation school, CAeS is in the process of merging with Britten-Norman under an agreement announced in April. Completion of the legal process is pending, with the merger set to release the remaining tranche of £10 million ($13 million) in new funding from a consortium of investors called HydrogenOne Capital Growth. The consortium includes venture capital group HydrogenOne, Safran Corporate Ventures and the UAE’s Strategic Development Fund.

The new entity is embarking on a Series B funding round that is expected to yield a further £30 million. CEO Paul Hutton said the money will support work through the end of 2024, by which time the merged company expects to have a technology demonstrator aircraft in flight tests. It intends to market both conversions of existing Islanders and new aircraft. CAeS has previously completed a £14.4 million funding round supported by the UAE’s Tawazun Economic Council and California-based Motus Ventures. Its work on hydrogen propulsion has also drawn support from the UK government-backed Aerospace Technology Institute under Project Fresson.

According to Hutton, CAeS is taking a different approach than other hydrogen pioneers by integrating the complete propulsion system into nacelles on the wing, rather than having electric motors in one place and fuel cells in another. He said that its technology will deliver somewhat more power than the existing engines. “No one has done both of these things and by doing so we are facing up to the full challenge of what it will take to get the aircraft certified and in service,” he said. “We are addressing all the needs of packaging the system, how much it will weigh and how to deal with thermal issues such as heat in this confined space, solving the challenge of how we take away the heat without increasing drag in another part of the airframe.”

Cranfield Aerospace Systems will fit the complete hydrogen propulsion system for the Islander aircraft in its wing-mounted nacelles. The CAeS engineering team is at an advanced stage of the critical design review and Hutton said he is confident that the technology demonstrator will address all the systems-integration challenges. Before the first flight, the engineering team in the new Cranfield facility will assemble an iron bird ground test rig to test all aspects of the propulsion system.

CAeS is aiming to deliver Islanders with the same performance as the current aircraft except for range, which will be less. The hydrogen models are expected to be able to fly for about an hour, with the required 45 minutes of energy reserves. This will equate to up to around 250 kilometres (156 miles), which Hutton said would support around 85 percent of the mainly short-hop sectors flown by in-service Islanders.

Pratt & Whitney to remove and inspect up to 1,200 engines

Against the possibility of powder contaminants affecting the PW1100G-JM Geared Turbofan (GTF) engines by which Airbus’s A320neo narrow-body airliner is powered, Pratt & Whitney, the engine manufacturer intends to disassemble and inspect the interior components of as many as 1,200 such powerplants. Reflecting on the imminent undertaking, RTX Corporation CEO Gregory J. Hayes remarked: “It is going to be expensive.”

On Tuesday 25 July 2023, RTX disclosed the possible contamination issue by which the PW1100G-JM may be afflicted. Formerly Raytheon Technologies, RTX is a multinational aerospace and defence conglomerate and the parent company of Collins Aerospace, Pratt & Whitney and Raytheon. Anticipating a $500-million reduction in free cash-flow resultant of the engine inspection effort, Pratt & Whitney intends to get about and complete the endeavour quickly and proficiently. The company plans to accomplish no fewer than two-hundred engine removals and inspections by September 2023 and as many as one thousand more through the 2024 calendar-year.

An internal Pratt & Whitney investigation traced the PW1100G-JM engine issue to the company’s HMI Metal Powders plant outside of Utica, New York. Subject facility produces powder coatings for turbine disks. Mr. Hayes said: “The big question is what we are going to have to do in terms of compensation to the airlines. We have two-years to work through this and we will figure out what to do.” News of the PW1100G-JM engine issue and Pratt & Whitney’s proposed fix therefor sent RTX stock tumbling some 15-percent to approximately $82.30-per-share, the lowest price of 2023.

Hayes conceded Pratt & Whitney changed the process by which it screens metal powders in late 2021. The issue with the culprit powder was made public after Pratt & Whitney’s technical staff came into possession of data suggesting possible contamination of as many as 1,200 engines. Pratt & Whitney is providing the FAA data germane to the fiasco with the expectation the agency will issue an appropriate alert to operators of the PW1100G-JM geared turbofan engine.

“This contamination had occurred between late 2015 and late-2020-early-2021, so we knew we had a suspect population in the fleet,” Hayes alleged. “Based upon everything we knew until very recently; we believed that the life of the turbine disk was such that we would see these disks in the shop and be able to inspect them before we ever had an issue.” Hayes defended Pratt & Whitney’s design and engineering processes, calling the aberrant powder ‘a quality escape.’ “It is a problem and we have them every day and we will solve it,” Hayes asserted. “These contaminants are microscopic and unfortunately in the original process as we scaled up production for GTF, it got away from us a little and we fixed it.”

US Air Force commits to $142M investment in Archer Aviation eVTOL aircraft

Archer, a company developing electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and the USAF have been working together since 2021 on a series of projects. However, the new deal represents a deep strengthening of their ties. As part of the $142 million investment, the USAF will purchase up to six Archer’s Midnight aircraft. The agreement also includes the sharing of additional flight test data and certification related test reports, pilot training and the development of maintenance and repair operations.

“The new contracts signal the US military’s recognition of the transformative potential Archer’s innovative eVTOL aircraft brings to our country’s Armed Forces,” Archer said in a statement on 31 July  2023. “As a result of these contracts, Archer will create and provide innovative capabilities that will strengthen the national defence of the United States of America.”  Archer has been working with the USAF on helping the AFWERX Agility Prime programme assess the transformational potential of eVTOL technologies on the vertical flight market and applications for the Department of Defence.

According to Archer, the Midnight aircraft is expected to provide a much safer and quieter alternative to helicopters while being more cost-effective for the US military to transport, operate and maintain in the field.

“This historic agreement reflects the steadfast commitment by our Armed Forces to embrace the cutting-edge technology our eVTOL aircraft offer,” said Adam Goldstein, Archer’s founder and CEO. “It’s clear that the development and commercialization of eVTOL technology continues to remain a national priority. We look forward to working closely with the US Department of Defence and the US Air Force to integrate Midnight into their operational fleet with a focus on transport, logistics and rescue operations.” This announcement comes on the heels of Archer confirming the formation of the company’s Government Services Advisory Board in May 2023. 

The goal of the advisory board is to allow Archer to more fully engage with the US government and public safety agencies to explore opportunities to commercialize its eVTOL aircraft. “It is our mission to ensure the US continues to lead the world in developing and deploying emerging aerospace technology,” said Colonel Tom Meagher, the lead for AFWERX Agility Prime programmes. “eVTOL aircraft represent the cusp of the third revolution in aerospace, and these aircraft and their descendants will drive advances in capabilities and efficiency. Our contracts with Archer Aviation provide the US Department of Defence and US Air Force the opportunity to play a role in ensuring from the onset and as the technology evolves, that we unlock the many benefits these aircraft have to offer the US military.”

Archer plans to launch its first commercial eVTOL flights in 2024. Midnight will be capable of flying distances of up to 100 miles but is optimised to conduct back-to-back flights of 20 miles, with 12 minutes of charge time in between. Its target payload is approximately 1,000 pounds (450 kilograms) and is powered by six independent battery packs, each supporting a pair of electric engines.  

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Drone strikes continue in Moscow: Ukraine declares war is returning to Russia

Moscow has been struck by a second drone attack in less than a week, this time targeting three different areas in Russia’s capital, including a skyscraper in the Moscow City business district.

Moscow’s Vnukovo International Airport (VKO) was temporarily shut down and flights were redirected due to attacks. The Russian Ministry of Defence reported that air defence systems in the Odintsovo and Narofominsk districts near Moscow neutralised two drones. However, one drone successfully struck the same high-rise building in the capital previously hit during an attack on 30 July 2023. “The facade at the level of the 21st floor of the building sustained damages,” Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin wrote in a Telegram post on 1 August 2023. “Emergency services are working at the scene of the incident,” he added. Despite the frequency of the drone strikes, no casualties have been reported.

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) also attacked a district police department in Russia’s Bryansk region on the same night. While the Russian defence ministry was quick to place blame on Kyiv, Ukrainian officials have not commented on the latest drone attack. However, the strike could be part of Ukraine’s ongoing counteroffensive against Russia. “Gradually, the war is returning to the territory of Russia, to its symbolic centres and military bases and this is an inevitable, natural and an absolutely fair process,” Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said in a statement on 30 July 2023.

The persistent drone strikes have presented a challenge for Russian President Vladimir Putin, who had committed to strengthening security in response to the recurring attacks. As the situation continues to escalate, former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev issued a warning on 31 July 2023, saying that Russia would have no choice but to deploy ‘global nuclear fire’ if the Ukrainian counter-offensive was successful. 

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